Radio Amateurs members of the SP3PDO Club Station will be active with special call SP160PS from Dobrzyca, Poland.
They will operate on HF Bands.
QSL via SP3PDO.
January Uprising 1863-1864
The January Uprising 1863-1864 - a national uprising against Russia that lasted from 22 January 1863 to mid-1864. During the uprising, battles were fought in the Kingdom of Poland, as well as in Lithuania, Belarus and parts of Ukraine.
The defeat suffered by Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856) revealed the anachronism of the prevailing social and economic system in Russia, raising - as a burning issue - the question of the abolition of serfdom and enfranchisement, and the need for reforms of a political and military nature. The weakening of Russia, the unification of Italy with the help of France, and the resulting hopes for further successes of national movements in Europe - led Poles to form secret independence political groups. Zygmunt Sierakowski's Officers' Circle in St Petersburg and the Trotskyist Union in Kiev were active in the Russian Empire; from 1859, secret youth circles were formed in Warsaw, led by Narcyz Jankowski, Karol Majewski and Jan Kurzyna. The landed gentry affiliated to the Agricultural Society, as well as circles of the intelligentsia (the so-called millenarians) adhered to the programme of organic work.
From June 1860 (the funeral of General Katarzyna Sowińska), the youth of Warsaw organised street demonstrations (religious-patriotic manifestations in 1860-1861) in order to mobilise wider social groups. In February 1861, these demonstrations led to a clash with the army in Warsaw (5 killed on 27 February). Following these events, representatives of the moderate spheres of Warsaw's inhabitants and landed gentry joined the movement to keep it within the bounds of legal action. The City Delegation, made up of representatives of Warsaw's financiers, merchants and clergy, took over the power of order. An address to the Tsar with vague demands was arranged. The Russian government announced some concessions (the creation of a Council of State, city and district councils). In order to win the conservative landed gentry over to the settlement, Aleksander Wielopolski was appointed director of the Commission of Religion and Public Enlightenment. However, Wielopolski failed to win over Warsaw's opinion-forming circles or control the situation in the countryside; he dissolved the Municipal Delegation on 4 April and the Agricultural Society on 6 April. The intensification of radical measures by the Russian authorities, as demonstrated by the massacre of the population on Castle Square (8.04.1861; including the death of Michał Lande), made a settlement impossible. The country was in turmoil. The patriotic movement took the form of church manifestations (services, chants) and national mourning, embracing the general population of cities and towns.
On 14 October 1861, the Russian authorities imposed martial law in the Kingdom. After the service on the anniversary of Tadeusz Kościuszko's death on 15 October 1861, the army invaded two Warsaw churches, which resulted in a decision by the clergy to close them in protest, supported, on the basis of solidarity, also by other denominations, including a similar order issued by the chief rabbi of Warsaw, Dow Ber Meisels.
At the end of 1861, two rival political camps emerged: "white" and "red", setting up secret organisations across the country. In the "red" Municipal Committee (from May 1862 in the Central National Committee, KCN), Jan Dąbrowski came to the fore as head of the City of Warsaw, co-operating with conspiratorial Polish and Russian officers. The Committee created a three-party organisation and agreed to co-operate with the Russian revolutionaries of Ziemla and Wola. The political situation in the Kingdom of Poland was becoming increasingly tense and conspiracies were spreading. In Warsaw, a conspiracy was detected among the Russian military personnel. The Russian government tried to control the situation with liberal concessions. In June, Tsar Alexander II Romanov appointed his brother, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, as governor, and appointed Wielopolski (June 1862) as head of the civil government. The reforms he undertook (Polishisation of education, equality of rights for Jews, levying taxes on peasants) did not win the support of a society in which independence aspirations prevailed. In order to break up the organisation of the "Reds", a brigade was ordered on 14/15 January 1863 on Wielopolski's initiative, which did not bring the expected result, but only, at an inconvenient time, the outbreak of the uprising.
Under pressure from conspiratorial circles, the KCN set the date for the start of the uprising as 22 January 1863. The armed struggle began with a night attack on Russian garrisons. With the outbreak of the uprising, the KCN transformed itself into the Provisional National Government, proclaimed the Insurrection Manifesto, called on the nation to rise up, and by two decrees enfranchised the peasants and promised land to the landless participating in the struggle. "Whites" initially countered the armed movement, but after a few weeks went over to its side to keep it under control, tying the fate of the uprising to the diplomatic intervention of the Western powers. "Whites" pitted their own dictator Marian Langiewicz against the "red" dictator Ludwik Mieroslawski. After the imminent collapse of both dictatorships, a secret National Government retained power. The insurgents did not manage to liberate any territory where insurgent power could emerge for long. The initially formed large insurgent units suffered setbacks (defeats at Węgrów and Siemiatycze on 3-6 February; Langiewicz's campaign of February-March 1863, during which battles were fought at Małogoszcz and at Chrobry and Grochowiska). The fighting took the form of guerrilla warfare, fought by dozens of small detachments throughout the Kingdom and in the adjacent areas of Lithuania and Byelorussia. The poorly armed troops, forced to nomadise in the forests, fought skirmishes without any military plan. In Ukraine, the movement failed to develop due to the reluctance of the peasants. On the other hand, the uprising was intensively supported by the Polish population from Galicia and the Prussian partition.
Some 1,200 skirmishes were fought over the course of a year and a half, despite temporary successes: Dionysius Czachowski, Marcin Borelowski, Michał Kruk-Heidenreich, Józef Hauke-Bosak and others. And even despite spectacular victories (the Battle of Żyrzyn on 8 August 1863), they could not liberate a single piece of territory due to the enemy's numerical and armed superiority. In total, some 200,000 people passed through the ranks of the insurgents. The National Government was at the head of a secret organisation that branched out throughout the country (the underground state), had its own administration, police, tax apparatus and press, and its orders, signed with an anonymous stamp, met with general obedience. From April to September 1863, the helm of the Government remained in the hands of the 'white' insurgent authorities, who treated the struggle mainly as an armed demonstration in anticipation of help from the West. In May and September, the "reds" took control of the National Government. The growing preponderance of Russian troops, and the declarative diplomatic intervention of the West. In April and June 1863, the French and English governments issued a memorandum demanding a change in Russia's policy in Poland and proposing a ceasefire and negotiations. These proposals were rejected by the Russian authorities and determined the fate of the struggle.
During the summer, the Russians stepped up their fight against the insurgent troops. Mikhail Muravyov suppressed the uprising in Lithuania using methods of brutal terror. In Warsaw, Wielopolski was dismissed and Fyodor Berg became governor. The de facto dictator of the uprising from October was Romuald Traugutt. Thanks to his efforts, the armed struggle survived until the following spring. Traugutt was arrested on 10/11 April 1864, and died on 5 August 1864 on the slopes of the Warsaw Citadel on the gallows together with the directors of the departments: Rafał Krajewski, Roman Żulinski, Józef Toczyński and Jan Jeziorański.
The last head of the city of Warsaw, Aleksander Waszkowski, was captured in December that year, and the last insurgent commander in Podlasie, Rev. Gen. Stanisław Brzóska, was captured in May 1865 in Sokołów Podlaski. Further resistance by the insurgents was thwarted by the Russian enfranchisement reform of 2 March 1864, which in practice provided the peasants with the benefits granted to them by the insurgent government. The achievement of the January Uprising was to push through the enfranchisement on terms relatively favourable to the peasantry. The leading commanders of the uprising were: Marcin Borelowski, Dionizy Czachowski, Józef Hauke-Bosak, Antoni Jeziorański, Rafał Krajewski, Apolinary Kurowski, Marian Langiewicz, Father Antoni Mackiewicz, Leopold Narbutt, Edmund Różycki, Edmund Taczanowski, Zygmunt Sierakowski, Walery Wróblewski.
They will operate on HF Bands.
QSL via SP3PDO.
January Uprising 1863-1864
The January Uprising 1863-1864 - a national uprising against Russia that lasted from 22 January 1863 to mid-1864. During the uprising, battles were fought in the Kingdom of Poland, as well as in Lithuania, Belarus and parts of Ukraine.
The defeat suffered by Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856) revealed the anachronism of the prevailing social and economic system in Russia, raising - as a burning issue - the question of the abolition of serfdom and enfranchisement, and the need for reforms of a political and military nature. The weakening of Russia, the unification of Italy with the help of France, and the resulting hopes for further successes of national movements in Europe - led Poles to form secret independence political groups. Zygmunt Sierakowski's Officers' Circle in St Petersburg and the Trotskyist Union in Kiev were active in the Russian Empire; from 1859, secret youth circles were formed in Warsaw, led by Narcyz Jankowski, Karol Majewski and Jan Kurzyna. The landed gentry affiliated to the Agricultural Society, as well as circles of the intelligentsia (the so-called millenarians) adhered to the programme of organic work.
From June 1860 (the funeral of General Katarzyna Sowińska), the youth of Warsaw organised street demonstrations (religious-patriotic manifestations in 1860-1861) in order to mobilise wider social groups. In February 1861, these demonstrations led to a clash with the army in Warsaw (5 killed on 27 February). Following these events, representatives of the moderate spheres of Warsaw's inhabitants and landed gentry joined the movement to keep it within the bounds of legal action. The City Delegation, made up of representatives of Warsaw's financiers, merchants and clergy, took over the power of order. An address to the Tsar with vague demands was arranged. The Russian government announced some concessions (the creation of a Council of State, city and district councils). In order to win the conservative landed gentry over to the settlement, Aleksander Wielopolski was appointed director of the Commission of Religion and Public Enlightenment. However, Wielopolski failed to win over Warsaw's opinion-forming circles or control the situation in the countryside; he dissolved the Municipal Delegation on 4 April and the Agricultural Society on 6 April. The intensification of radical measures by the Russian authorities, as demonstrated by the massacre of the population on Castle Square (8.04.1861; including the death of Michał Lande), made a settlement impossible. The country was in turmoil. The patriotic movement took the form of church manifestations (services, chants) and national mourning, embracing the general population of cities and towns.
On 14 October 1861, the Russian authorities imposed martial law in the Kingdom. After the service on the anniversary of Tadeusz Kościuszko's death on 15 October 1861, the army invaded two Warsaw churches, which resulted in a decision by the clergy to close them in protest, supported, on the basis of solidarity, also by other denominations, including a similar order issued by the chief rabbi of Warsaw, Dow Ber Meisels.
At the end of 1861, two rival political camps emerged: "white" and "red", setting up secret organisations across the country. In the "red" Municipal Committee (from May 1862 in the Central National Committee, KCN), Jan Dąbrowski came to the fore as head of the City of Warsaw, co-operating with conspiratorial Polish and Russian officers. The Committee created a three-party organisation and agreed to co-operate with the Russian revolutionaries of Ziemla and Wola. The political situation in the Kingdom of Poland was becoming increasingly tense and conspiracies were spreading. In Warsaw, a conspiracy was detected among the Russian military personnel. The Russian government tried to control the situation with liberal concessions. In June, Tsar Alexander II Romanov appointed his brother, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, as governor, and appointed Wielopolski (June 1862) as head of the civil government. The reforms he undertook (Polishisation of education, equality of rights for Jews, levying taxes on peasants) did not win the support of a society in which independence aspirations prevailed. In order to break up the organisation of the "Reds", a brigade was ordered on 14/15 January 1863 on Wielopolski's initiative, which did not bring the expected result, but only, at an inconvenient time, the outbreak of the uprising.
Under pressure from conspiratorial circles, the KCN set the date for the start of the uprising as 22 January 1863. The armed struggle began with a night attack on Russian garrisons. With the outbreak of the uprising, the KCN transformed itself into the Provisional National Government, proclaimed the Insurrection Manifesto, called on the nation to rise up, and by two decrees enfranchised the peasants and promised land to the landless participating in the struggle. "Whites" initially countered the armed movement, but after a few weeks went over to its side to keep it under control, tying the fate of the uprising to the diplomatic intervention of the Western powers. "Whites" pitted their own dictator Marian Langiewicz against the "red" dictator Ludwik Mieroslawski. After the imminent collapse of both dictatorships, a secret National Government retained power. The insurgents did not manage to liberate any territory where insurgent power could emerge for long. The initially formed large insurgent units suffered setbacks (defeats at Węgrów and Siemiatycze on 3-6 February; Langiewicz's campaign of February-March 1863, during which battles were fought at Małogoszcz and at Chrobry and Grochowiska). The fighting took the form of guerrilla warfare, fought by dozens of small detachments throughout the Kingdom and in the adjacent areas of Lithuania and Byelorussia. The poorly armed troops, forced to nomadise in the forests, fought skirmishes without any military plan. In Ukraine, the movement failed to develop due to the reluctance of the peasants. On the other hand, the uprising was intensively supported by the Polish population from Galicia and the Prussian partition.
Some 1,200 skirmishes were fought over the course of a year and a half, despite temporary successes: Dionysius Czachowski, Marcin Borelowski, Michał Kruk-Heidenreich, Józef Hauke-Bosak and others. And even despite spectacular victories (the Battle of Żyrzyn on 8 August 1863), they could not liberate a single piece of territory due to the enemy's numerical and armed superiority. In total, some 200,000 people passed through the ranks of the insurgents. The National Government was at the head of a secret organisation that branched out throughout the country (the underground state), had its own administration, police, tax apparatus and press, and its orders, signed with an anonymous stamp, met with general obedience. From April to September 1863, the helm of the Government remained in the hands of the 'white' insurgent authorities, who treated the struggle mainly as an armed demonstration in anticipation of help from the West. In May and September, the "reds" took control of the National Government. The growing preponderance of Russian troops, and the declarative diplomatic intervention of the West. In April and June 1863, the French and English governments issued a memorandum demanding a change in Russia's policy in Poland and proposing a ceasefire and negotiations. These proposals were rejected by the Russian authorities and determined the fate of the struggle.
During the summer, the Russians stepped up their fight against the insurgent troops. Mikhail Muravyov suppressed the uprising in Lithuania using methods of brutal terror. In Warsaw, Wielopolski was dismissed and Fyodor Berg became governor. The de facto dictator of the uprising from October was Romuald Traugutt. Thanks to his efforts, the armed struggle survived until the following spring. Traugutt was arrested on 10/11 April 1864, and died on 5 August 1864 on the slopes of the Warsaw Citadel on the gallows together with the directors of the departments: Rafał Krajewski, Roman Żulinski, Józef Toczyński and Jan Jeziorański.
The last head of the city of Warsaw, Aleksander Waszkowski, was captured in December that year, and the last insurgent commander in Podlasie, Rev. Gen. Stanisław Brzóska, was captured in May 1865 in Sokołów Podlaski. Further resistance by the insurgents was thwarted by the Russian enfranchisement reform of 2 March 1864, which in practice provided the peasants with the benefits granted to them by the insurgent government. The achievement of the January Uprising was to push through the enfranchisement on terms relatively favourable to the peasantry. The leading commanders of the uprising were: Marcin Borelowski, Dionizy Czachowski, Józef Hauke-Bosak, Antoni Jeziorański, Rafał Krajewski, Apolinary Kurowski, Marian Langiewicz, Father Antoni Mackiewicz, Leopold Narbutt, Edmund Różycki, Edmund Taczanowski, Zygmunt Sierakowski, Walery Wróblewski.
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